Gases reactivos y calidad del aire a escala global

Presentación de la clase impartida en el Observatorio Atmosférico de Izaña, el 18 de junio de 2016, con motivo del curso "Conceptos Básicos de Composición Atmosférica

Radiative forcing under mixed aerosol conditions

The mixture of mineral dust with biomass burning or urban-industrial aerosols presents significant differences in optical properties when compared to those of the individual constituents, leading to different impacts on solar radiation levels. This effect is assessed by estimating the direct radiative forcing (ΔF) of these aerosols from solar flux models using the radiative parameters derived from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). These data reveal that, in oceanic and vegetative covers (surface albedo (SA) 0.30 are not present in East Asia region. At the bottom of atmosphere (BOA) the maximum ΔF values are associated with the highest AOD levels obtained for the mixture of mineral dust and biomass burning aerosols (−130 ± 44 Wm−2 with AOD = 0.8 ± 0.4 for SA < 0.30).Support for this study was given by Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, projects CGL2005‐03428‐C04‐02, CGL2007‐66477‐C02‐02/CLI, PI042005/033, and CGL2008‐04740/CLI

Report on how EIONET and EEA can contribute to the urban in situ requirements of a future Copernicus anthropogenic CO2 observing system

This report provides a technical review of CO2 and CH4 emissions monitoring methods based on surface mixing ratio measurements, total column mixing ratio measurements and flux measurements. The review demonstrated that all these measurements would fulfil respective in situ requirements of the Copernicus CO2 MVS capacity, contributing to the validation of space observations in and around cities and/or the system’s city-scale emissions estimates. The review furthermore elaborated on the benefits to climate change mitigation monitoring in the respective cities and how these methods could be implemented to monitor local emissions.Negotiated procedure No EEA/IDM/R0/17/008. Services supporting the European Environment Agency’s (EEA) crosscutting coordination of the Copernicus In Situ Componen

Design and evaluation of a portable frequency comb-referenced laser heterodyne radiometer

In this paper, we present the design of a laser heterodyne radiometry instrument that combines, for the first time, frequency comb calibration and a remarkably high level of portability. A design that can, therefore, be more than capable of addressing the current need for accurate ground-based greenhouse gases monitoring in urban areas and other emission hot spots. Indeed, the compact, battery-powered system allows the acquisition of atmospheric spectral characterizations, at any location, without restrictions. As its most prominent feature, the system is equipped with an electro-optic frequency comb reference that provides a set of calibration ticks from which an accurate characterization of the absorption line shape can be obtained. Besides this, the spectrometer has been designed to promptly switch between traditional operation and wavelength modulation, so the performance of future inversion models may benefit greatly by this complementary data. The system has been tested in different locations in the Madrid region (Spain), where measurements have been carried out under a wide variety of conditions. Here, a set of highly representative results is presented clearly illustrating the capabilities of the developed system.This project has received funding from the EU H2020 Consumerdriven demands to reframe farming systems project under Grant Agreement 101000216, and from the Agencia Estatal de InvestigaciÓn under Grant Project TED2021-131695B-100

Quality assessment of ozone total column amounts as monitored by ground-based solar absorption spectrometry in the near infrared (> 3000 cm−1)

This study examines the possibility of ground-based remote-sensing ozone total column amounts (OTC) from spectral signatures at 3040 and 4030 cm−1. These spectral regions are routinely measured by the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) ground-based FTIR (Fourier transform infraRed) experiments. In addition, they are potentially detectable by the TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) FTIR instruments. The ozone retrieval strategy presented here estimates the OTC from NDACC FTIR high-resolution spectra with a theoretical precision of about 2 and 5% in the 3040 and 4030 cm−1 regions, respectively. Empirically, these OTC products are validated by inter-comparison to FTIR OTC reference retrievals in the 1000 cm−1 spectral region (standard reference for NDACC ozone products), using an 8-year FTIR time series (2005–2012) taken at the subtropical ozone supersite of the Izaña Atmospheric Observatory (Tenerife, Spain). Associated with the weaker ozone signatures at the higher wave number regions, the 3040 and 4030 cm−1 retrievals show lower vertical sensitivity than the 1000 cm−1 retrievals.The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 284421 (NORS project) and from the Ministerio de Economía and Competitividad from Spain for the project CGL2012-37505 (NOVIA project). M. Schneider and Y. González are supported by the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreement no. 256961 and E. Sepúlveda is supported by the NOVIA Project

Aerosol radiative forcing and forcing efficiency in the UVB for regions affected by Saharan and Asian mineral dust

The influence of mineral dust on ultraviolet energy transfer is studied for two different mineralogical origins. The aerosol radiative forcing ΔF and the forcing efficiency at the surface ΔFeff in the range 290–325 nm were estimated in ground-based stations affected by the Saharan and Asian deserts during the dusty seasons. UVB solar measurements were taken from the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Data Center (WOUDC) for four Asian stations (2000–04) and from the Santa Cruz Observatory, Canary Islands (2002–03), under Gobi and Sahara Desert influences, respectively. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth at 550 nm was used to characterize the aerosol load τ, whereas the aerosol index provided by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) sensor was employed to identify the mineral dust events. The ΔF is strongly affected by the aerosol load, the values found being comparable in both regions during the dusty seasons. Under those conditions, ΔF values as large as −1.29 ± 0.53 W m−2 (τ550 = 0.48 ± 0.24) and −1.43 ± 0.38 W m−2 (τ550 = 0.54 ± 0.26) were reached under Saharan and Asian dust conditions, respectively. Nevertheless, significant differences have been observed in the aerosol radiative forcing per unit of aerosol optical depth in the slant path, τS. The maximum ΔFeff values associated with dust influences were −1.55 ± 0.20 W m−2 τS550−1 for the Saharan region and −0.95 ± 0.11 W m−2 τS550−1 in the Asian area. These results may be used as a benchmark database for establishing aerosol corrections in UV satellite products or in global climate model estimations.We acknowledge the MCYT (Ministry of Science and Technology, Spain) and F.E.D.E.R. foundations (E.U.) for their economic support of projects CGL2004-05984-C07-05, CGL2005-03428-C04-02, CGL2007-66477-C02-02/CLI, CGL2008-04740/CLI and PI042005/033

First tropospheric δD data observed by ground-and space-based remote sensing and surface in-situ measurement techniques at MUSICA’s principle reference station (Izaña Observatory, Spain)

Póster presentado en: European Geosciences Union General Assembly celebrada del 7 al 12 de abril de 2013 en Viena.MUSICA is funded by the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC Grant agreement n 256961

The pulsating nature of large-scale Saharan dust transport as a result of interplays between mid-latitude Rossby waves and the North African Dipole Intensity

It was previously shown that during August the export of Saharan dust to the Atlantic was strongly affected by the difference of the 700-hPa geopotential height anomaly between the subtropics and the tropics over North Africa, which was termed the North African Dipole Intensity (NAFDI). In this work a more comprehensive analysis of the NAFDI is performed, focusing on the entire summer dust season (JuneeSeptember), and examining the interactions between the mid-latitude Rossby waves (MLRWs) and NAFDI. Widespread and notable aerosol optical depth (AOD) monthly anomalies are found for each NAFDI-phase over the dust corridors off the Sahara, indicating that NAFDI presents intra-seasonal variability and drives dust transport over both the Mediterranean basin and the North Atlantic. Those summer months with the same NAFDI-phase show similar AOD-anomaly patterns. Variations in NAFDIphase also control the displacement of the Saharan Heat Low (SHL) westwards or eastwards through horizontal advection of temperature over Morocco-Western Sahara or eastern Algeria-Western Libya, respectively. The connection between the SHL and the NAFDI is quantified statistically by introducing two new daily indexes that account for their respective phases (NAFDI daily index -NAFDIDI-, and SHL longitudinal shift index -SHLLSI-) and explained physically using the energy equation of the atmospheric dynamics. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between the oneeday-lag SHLLSI and the NAFDIDI for an extended summer season (1980e2013) is 0.78. A positive NAFDI is associated with the West-phase of the SHL, dust sources intensification on central Algeria, and positive AOD anomalies over this region and the Subtropical North Atlantic. A negative NAFDI is associated with the East-phase of the SHL, and positive AOD anomalies over central-eastern Sahara and the central-western Mediterranean Sea. The results point out that the phase changes of NAFDI at intra-seasonal time scale are conducted by those MLRWs that penetrate deeply into the low troposphere.This work is part of the research activities developed by the WMO SDS-WAS Regional Centre for Northern Africa, Middle East and Europe, held by AEMET and BSC-CNS. This study also contributes to Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Our acknowledgment to ECMWF for providing MACC-dust reanalysis. The authors wish to thank NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project. We acknowledge NASA LADS for providing MODIS data. The University of Granada (Spain) and its “Physics and Space Sciences” PhD Programme are acknowledged by A. J. Gómez-Peláez and E. Cuevas. AEROATLAN project (CGL2015-17 66229-P), co-funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund contributed to this study. Sara Basart acknowledges the CICYT project (CGL2013-46736

Pivotal role of the North African Dipole Intensity (NAFDI) on alternate Saharan dust export over the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and relationship with the Saharan Heat Low and mid-latitude Rossby waves [Discussion paper]

In this study, we revise the index that quantifies the North African Dipole Intensity (NAFDI), and explain its relationship with the Saharan Heat Low (SHL) and mid-latitude Rossby waves. We find outstanding similarities of meteorological patterns associated with the positive NAFDI and the SHL West-phase on the one hand, and with the negative NAFDI and the SHL East-Phase, on the other hand. We introduce the daily NAFDI index and the daily SHL West-East Displacement Index (SHLWEDI). The Pearson correlation coefficient between the daily SHLWEDI 1-day lagged and the daily NAFDI for the period 1980–2013 20 June–17 September is fairly high (r = 0.77). The correlation reduces to 0.69 if the SHLWEDI is not lagged. We observe that the SHL West-phase is significantly more frequent than the SHL East-phase, and that the SHL is more intense during its East-phase.Part of this study was performed in the frame of AEROATLAN (grant 2015-66229), funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain